Ansible playbook 编程
主机规划
添加用户账号
说明:
1、 运维人员使用的登录账号;
2、 所有的业务都放在 /app/ 下「yun用户的家目录」,避免业务数据乱放;
3、 该用户也被 ansible 使用,因为几乎所有的生产环境都是禁止 root 远程登录的(因此该 yun 用户也进行了 sudo 提权)。
1 # 使用一个专门的用户,避免直接使用root用户
2 # 添加用户、指定家目录并指定用户密码
3 # sudo提权
4 # 让其它普通用户可以进入该目录查看信息
5 useradd -u 1050 -d /app yun && echo '123456' | /usr/bin/passwd --stdin yun
6 echo "yun ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
7 chmod 755 /app/
Ansible 配置清单Inventory
之后文章都是如下主机配置清单
1 [yun@ansi-manager ansible_info]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info
3 [yun@ansi-manager ansible_info]$ cat hosts_key
4 # 方式1、主机 + 端口 + 密钥
5 [manageservers]
6 172.16.1.180:22
7
8 [proxyservers]
9 172.16.1.18[1:2]:22
10
11 # 方式2:别名 + 主机 + 端口 + 密码
12 [webservers]
13 web01 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.183 ansible_ssh_port=22
14 web02 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.184 ansible_ssh_port=22
15 web03 ansible_ssh_host=172.16.1.185 ansible_ssh_port=22
条件判断-when
when 判断在 ansible 任务中的使用频率非常高。
例如判断主机是否已经安装指定的软件包;对机器的操作系统进行判断然后再根据不同的方法「yum或apt等」进行软件包安装;根据操作系统的版本判断进行软件包的安装「是安装MySQL还是Mariadb」等。
示例:根据主机名的不同,下载不同的文件
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 4
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 950 Oct 26 10:22 test_when.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_when.yml
7 ---
8 # 根据 hostname 的不同下载不同的图片
9 # 特殊组 all,对所有机器有效
10 - hosts: all
11
12 tasks:
13 - name: "download picture jvm-01-01.png"
14 get_url:
15 url: http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-01.png
16 dest: /tmp/
17 when: ansible_hostname == "ansi-haproxy01"
18
19 - name: "download picture jvm-01-02.png"
20 get_url:
21 url: http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-02.png
22 dest: /tmp/
23 when: ansible_hostname == "ansi-haproxy02"
24
25 - name: "other download picture jvm-01-03.png"
26 get_url:
27 url: http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-03.png
28 dest: /tmp/
29 # 从 facts 中获取的变量,ansible_facts['ansible_hostname'] != "ansi-haproxy01" 错误写法;ansible_hostname != "ansi-haproxy01" 正确写法
30 #when: (ansible_hostname != "ansi-haproxy01") and (ansible_hostname != "ansi-haproxy02") # 写法一
31 #或者如下3行 列表之间关系是 (and 与) 等同于上一行
32 #when:
33 # - ansible_hostname != "ansi-haproxy01"
34 # - ansible_hostname != "ansi-haproxy02"
35 #when: ansible_hostname is not match "ansi-haproxy0*" # 写法二
36 when: (ansible_hostname is match "ansi-manager") or (ansible_hostname is match "ansi-web*") # 写法三
37
38 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_when.yml # 语法检测
39 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_when.yml # 预执行,测试执行
40 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_when.yml # 执行
41
42 PLAY [all] *******************************************************************************************************
43
44 TASK [Gathering Facts] *******************************************************************************************
45 ok: [web01]
46 ok: [web02]
47 ok: [web03]
48 ok: [172.16.1.180]
49 ok: [172.16.1.181]
50 ok: [172.16.1.182]
51
52 TASK [download picture jvm-01-01.png] ****************************************************************************
53 skipping: [172.16.1.180]
54 skipping: [web01]
55 skipping: [web02]
56 skipping: [web03]
57 skipping: [172.16.1.182]
58 changed: [172.16.1.181]
59
60 TASK [download picture jvm-01-02.png] ****************************************************************************
61 skipping: [172.16.1.180]
62 skipping: [web01]
63 skipping: [web02]
64 skipping: [web03]
65 skipping: [172.16.1.181]
66 changed: [172.16.1.182]
67
68 TASK [other download picture jvm-01-03.png] **********************************************************************
69 skipping: [172.16.1.181]
70 skipping: [172.16.1.182]
71 changed: [web02]
72 changed: [web01]
73 changed: [172.16.1.180]
74 changed: [web03]
75
76 PLAY RECAP *******************************************************************************************************
77 172.16.1.180 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
78 172.16.1.181 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
79 172.16.1.182 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
80 web01 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
81 web02 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
82 web03 : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=2 rescued=0 ignored=0
标准循环
注意:
1、循环语法有两种:loop 和 with_。
2、loop 是在ansible 2.5 添加的,with_ 是一直存在的,推荐使用 loop。在未来 with_ 可能被弃用。
简单列表循环如果我们需要在 playbook 中启动多个服务,或者下载多个文件;按照之前所学的,那么我们需要写多个 task。但这样会使得 playbook 变得臃肿,因此这时我们就需要引进循环了。
示例:一次启动多个服务,下载多个文件
使用 loop 方式【推荐】
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 20
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 594 Aug 23 22:10 test_loop.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_loop.yml
7 ---
8 # 启动多个服务 和下载多个文件
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "start httpd, rpcbind, network server"
13 service:
14 name: "{{ item }}" # 需要用引号引起来
15 state: started
16 loop:
17 - httpd
18 - rpcbind
19 - network
20
21 - name: "download multiple file"
22 get_url:
23 url: "{{ item }}" # 需要用引号引起来
24 dest: /tmp/
25 loop:
26 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-01.png
27 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-02.png
28 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-03.png
29
30 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_loop.yml # 语法检测
31 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_loop.yml # 预执行,测试执行
32 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_loop.yml # 执行
备注:以上方法可用在 yum 模块中。
使用 with_items 方式
其中 playbook 文件中仅把 loop 变为了 with_items。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 20
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 594 Aug 23 22:10 test_with_items.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_with_items.yml
7 ---
8 # 启动多个服务 和下载多个文件
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "start httpd, rpcbind, network server"
13 service:
14 name: "{{ item }}" # 需要用引号引起来
15 state: started
16 with_items:
17 - httpd
18 - rpcbind
19 - network
20
21 - name: "download multiple file"
22 get_url:
23 url: "{{ item }}" # 需要用引号引起来
24 dest: /tmp/
25 with_items:
26 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-01.png
27 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-02.png
28 - http://www.zhangblog.com/uploads/jvm/jvm-01-03.png
29
30 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_with_items.yml # 语法检测
31 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_with_items.yml # 预执行,测试执行
32 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_with_items.yml # 执行
如果用在 yum 模块中则会报如下弃用告警,因此该方法不适用于 yum 模块。
遍历哈希列表
如果我们需要创建多个用户并且每个用户都有指定的附加组;或者要创建多个文件,每个文件属主、属组、权限不一样;或者需要拷贝文件,但是每个文件的位置不一样,且属主、属组、权限不一样等等;那之前所学的简单循环就不能满足我们的需求了。这时「哈希列表循环」就闪亮登场了。
示例:
使用 loop 方式【推荐】
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 16
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 56 Oct 26 16:03 file
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 1205 Oct 26 16:02 test_loop_hash.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat file/config_test.conf.j2
8 111
9 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat file/yml_test_j2.yml
10 222
11 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_loop_hash.yml
12 ---
13 # 使用循环字典创建多个用户,创建多个文件,拷贝多个文件
14 - hosts: proxyservers
15
16 tasks:
17 - name: "Create multiple user"
18 user:
19 name: "{{ item.user }}"
20 groups: "{{ item.groups }}"
21 loop:
22 - { user: "testuser1", groups: "root" }
23 - { user: "testuser2", groups: "root,yun" }
24
25 - name: "Create multiple file or dir"
26 file:
27 path: "{{ item.path }}"
28 owner: "{{ item.owner }}"
29 group: "{{ item.group }}"
30 mode: "{{ item.mode }}"
31 state: "{{ item.state }}"
32 loop:
33 - { path: "/tmp/with_items_testdir", owner: "yun", group: "root", mode: "755", state: "directory" }
34 - { path: "/tmp/with_items_testfile", owner: "bin", group: "bin", mode: "644", state: "touch" }
35
36 - name: "copy multiple file"
37 copy:
38 src: "{{ item.src }}"
39 dest: "{{ item.dest }}"
40 owner: "{{ item.owner }}"
41 group: "{{ item.group }}"
42 loop:
43 - { src: "./file/config_test.conf.j2", dest: "/tmp/with_items_testdir/", owner: "yun", group: "root" }
44 - { src: "./file/yml_test_j2.yml", dest: "/tmp/yml_test.yml", owner: "yun", group: "yun" }
45
46 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_loop_hash.yml # 语法检测
47 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_loop_hash.yml # 预执行,测试执行
48 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_loop_hash.yml # 执行
使用 with_items 方式
其中 playbook 文件中仅把 loop 变为了 with_items。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 16
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 56 Oct 26 16:03 file
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 1205 Oct 26 16:02 test_with_items_hash.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat file/config_test.conf.j2
8 111
9 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat file/yml_test_j2.yml
10 222
11 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_with_items_hash.yml
12 ---
13 # 使用循环字典创建多个用户,创建多个文件,拷贝多个文件
14 - hosts: proxyservers
15
16 tasks:
17 - name: "Create multiple user"
18 user:
19 name: "{{ item.user }}"
20 groups: "{{ item.groups }}"
21 with_items:
22 - { user: "testuser1", groups: "root" }
23 - { user: "testuser2", groups: "root,yun" }
24
25 - name: "Create multiple file or dir"
26 file:
27 path: "{{ item.path }}"
28 owner: "{{ item.owner }}"
29 group: "{{ item.group }}"
30 mode: "{{ item.mode }}"
31 state: "{{ item.state }}"
32 with_items:
33 - { path: "/tmp/with_items_testdir", owner: "yun", group: "root", mode: "755", state: "directory" }
34 - { path: "/tmp/with_items_testfile", owner: "bin", group: "bin", mode: "644", state: "touch" }
35
36 - name: "copy multiple file"
37 copy:
38 src: "{{ item.src }}"
39 dest: "{{ item.dest }}"
40 owner: "{{ item.owner }}"
41 group: "{{ item.group }}"
42 with_items:
43 - { src: "./file/config_test.conf.j2", dest: "/tmp/with_items_testdir/", owner: "yun", group: "root" }
44 - { src: "./file/yml_test_j2.yml", dest: "/tmp/yml_test.yml", owner: "yun", group: "yun" }
45
46 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_with_items_hash.yml # 语法检测
47 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_with_items_hash.yml # 预执行,测试执行
48 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_with_items_hash.yml # 执行
遍历字典
示例:
使用 loop 方式【推荐】
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 28
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 452 Oct 26 16:46 test_loop_dict.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_loop_dict.yml
7 ---
8 # 打印信息
9 - hosts: manageservers
10 vars:
11 users:
12 alice:
13 name: Alice Appleworth
14 telephone: 123-456-7890
15 bob:
16 name: Bob Bananarama
17 telephone: 987-654-3210
18
19 tasks:
20 - name: "print user info"
21 debug:
22 msg: "User {{ item.key }}, userfullname: {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.telephone }})"
23 # 将字典转换为适合循环的项表 第一种方式推荐
24 loop: "{{ users|dict2items }}"
25 #loop: "{{ lookup('dict', users) }}"
26
27 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_loop_dict.yml # 语法检测
28 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_loop_dict.yml # 预执行,测试执行
29 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_loop_dict.yml # 执行
使用 with_items 方式
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 28
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 458 Oct 26 16:47 test_with_items_dict.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_with_items_dict.yml
7 ---
8 # 打印信息
9 - hosts: manageservers
10 vars:
11 users:
12 alice:
13 name: Alice Appleworth
14 telephone: 123-456-7890
15 bob:
16 name: Bob Bananarama
17 telephone: 987-654-3210
18
19 tasks:
20 - name: "print user info"
21 debug:
22 msg: "User {{ item.key }}, userfullname: {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.telephone }})"
23 # with_dict 会直接解析字典
24 with_dict: "{{ users }}"
25
26 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_with_items_dict.yml # 语法检测
27 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_with_items_dict.yml # 预执行,测试执行
28 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_with_items_dict.yml # 执行
变量循环-vars
针对yum 安装多个包很有用,其他则会报出警告。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object04
3 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ll
4 total 36
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 252 Oct 26 17:46 test_cycle_vars.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ cat test_cycle_vars.yml
7 ---
8 # 批量包安装
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "Install multiple packages"
13 yum:
14 name: "{{ multi_package }}"
15 state: present
16 vars:
17 multi_package:
18 - tree
19 - nc
20 - tcpdump
21
22 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_cycle_vars.yml # 语法检测
23 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_cycle_vars.yml # 预执行,测试执行
24 [yun@ansi-manager object04]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_cycle_vars.yml # 执行
该方法不一定适用于其他模块
触发器-handlers
当我们修改了服务的配置文件时,这时我们需要去重启服务,那么 handlers 就可以派上用场了。
注意事项:
1、无论多少个 task 通知了相同的 handlers,handlers 仅会在所有 tasks 结束后运行一次。
2、只有 task 发生改变了才会通知 handlers,没有改变则不会通知和触发 handlers。
3、不能用 handlers 替代 task 。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 24
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 129 Aug 24 11:41 file
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 1029 Aug 24 11:57 test_handlers.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll file/ # 涉及配置文件
8 total 20
9 -rw-r--r-- 1 yun yun 11767 Aug 24 11:41 httpd.conf.j2
10 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ vim file/httpd.conf.j2 # 配置文件修改的地方
11 …………
12 # Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to
13 # prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.
14 #
15 #Listen 12.34.56.78:80
16 ###### 端口改为变量
17 Listen {{ httpd_port }}
18
19 …………
20 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_handlers.yml # yml 文件
21 ---
22 # 比如安装配置启动 httpd。当我们修改配置文件,重启 httpd 服务
23 # 要求:修改配置,重启一个或多个服务
24 - hosts: proxyservers
25 # 这里为了演示方便,因此变量直接就写在了该文件中
26 vars:
27 - httpd_port: 8081
28
29 tasks:
30 - name: "Install httpd"
31 yum:
32 name: "{{ packages }}"
33 state: present
34 vars:
35 packages:
36 - httpd
37 - httpd-tools
38
39 - name: "Httpd config"
40 template:
41 src: ./file/httpd.conf.j2
42 dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
43 # 一个通知
44 # notify: "Restart httpd server"
45 # 多个通知
46 notify:
47 - "Restart httpd server"
48 - "Restart crond server"
49
50 - name: "Start httpd server"
51 systemd:
52 name: httpd
53 state: started
54 enabled: yes
55
56 handlers:
57 - name: "Restart httpd server"
58 systemd:
59 name: httpd
60 state: restarted
61
62 - name: "Restart crond server"
63 systemd:
64 name: crond
65 state: restarted
66
67 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_handlers.yml # 语法检测
68 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_handlers.yml # 预执行,测试执行
69 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_handlers.yml # 执行
任务标签-tags
默认情况下,当我们执行一个 playbook 时,会执行该 playbook 中所有的任务。如果只想执行一个 task 或者部分 task 用于调试或者需求就是执行部分 task。那么可以使用 ansible 的标签(tags)功能给单独 task 或者全部 task 打上标签。之后利用这些标签来指定要运行哪些 playbook 任务,或不运行哪些 playbook 任务。
打标签方式
对一个 task 打一个标签;
对一个 task 打多个标签;
对多个 task 打一个标签
标签如何运用
-t TAGS, --tags=TAGS:执行指定的 tag 标签任务;多个标签使用逗号分开
--skip-tags=SKIP_TAGS:跳过指定标签不执行,执行指定外的 task「标签作用于 task 上,即使该task还有其他标签,这个 task 也不会被执行」;多个标签使用逗号分开
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 8
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 27 Oct 26 18:07 file
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 1004 Oct 26 19:21 test_tags.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_tags.yml
8 ---
9 # tags 标签测试
10 - hosts: proxyservers
11 # 这里为了演示方便,因此变量直接就写在了该文件中
12 vars:
13 - httpd_port: 8081
14
15 tasks:
16 - name: "Install httpd"
17 yum:
18 name: "{{ packages }}"
19 state: present
20 vars:
21 packages:
22 - httpd
23 - httpd-tools
24 tags:
25 - httpd_server
26 - httpd_install
27
28 - name: "Httpd config"
29 template:
30 src: ./file/httpd.conf.j2
31 dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
32 notify: "Restart httpd server"
33 tags:
34 - httpd_server
35 - httpd_config
36
37 - name: "Start httpd server"
38 systemd:
39 name: httpd
40 state: started
41 enabled: yes
42 tags:
43 - httpd_server
44 - httpd_start
45
46 - name: "Create dir"
47 file:
48 path: /tmp/with_items_testdir
49 state: directory
50 tags: create_dir
51
52 handlers:
53 - name: "Restart httpd server"
54 systemd:
55 name: httpd
56 state: restarted
playbook 标签查看
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_tags.yml # 语法检测
2 ## 查看 playbook 中的任务和标签
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml --list-tasks
4
5 playbook: test_tags.yml
6
7 play #1 (proxyservers): proxyservers TAGS: []
8 tasks:
9 Install httpd TAGS: [httpd_install, httpd_server]
10 Httpd config TAGS: [httpd_config, httpd_server]
11 Start httpd server TAGS: [httpd_server, httpd_start]
12 Create dir TAGS: [create_dir]
13 ## 查看 playbook 中的标签
14 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml --list-tags
15
16 playbook: test_tags.yml
17
18 play #1 (proxyservers): proxyservers TAGS: []
19 TASK TAGS: [create_dir, httpd_config, httpd_install, httpd_server, httpd_start]
playbook 执行
1 ## 单个标签执行
2 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml -t httpd_install
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml -t httpd_server
4 ## 多个标签执行
5 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml -t httpd_install,httpd_config,httpd_start
6 ## 跳过哪些标签不执行「标签作用于 task 上,即使该 task 还有其他标签,这个 task 也不会被执行」
7 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml --skip-tags httpd_server
8 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml --skip-tags httpd_install,create_dir
9 ## 执行整个 playbook
10 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_tags.yml
文件引用/复用-include与import
在实际应用中,是不可能将所有 task 写在一个 playbook 中的,需要进行拆分,方便后期重复使用。这样后面写其他 playbook 的时候,如果有重复的,那么直接引用之前写的即可。
Includes 与 Imports
1、include 和 import 虽然功能相近,但是 ansible 执行引擎对他们的处理却截然不同。
2、所有 import* 语句都会在解析 playbook 时进行预处理。「提前准备好工具」
3、所有 include* 语句都是在执行 playbook 时遇到再处理。「需要什么工具,再拿什么工具」
PS:include 模块:这个模块还将支持一段时间,但在不久的将来可能会弃用「最好不要使用这个模块」。
示例
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 32
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 103 Aug 24 19:51 file_yml
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 518 Aug 24 19:56 test_include.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll file_yml/
8 total 16
9 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 136 Aug 24 19:51 httpd_config.yml
10 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 133 Aug 24 19:41 httpd_install.yml
11 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 80 Aug 24 19:42 httpd_restart.yml
12 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 93 Aug 24 19:41 httpd_start.yml
13 ## 每个小 yml 文件的具体内容
14 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat file_yml/httpd_install.yml
15 - name: "Install httpd"
16 yum:
17 name: "{{ packages }}"
18 state: present
19 vars:
20 packages:
21 - httpd
22 - httpd-tools
23
24 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat file_yml/httpd_config.yml
25 - name: "Httpd config"
26 template:
27 src: ./file/httpd.conf.j2
28 dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
29 notify: "Restart httpd server"
30
31 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat file_yml/httpd_start.yml
32 - name: "Start httpd server"
33 systemd:
34 name: httpd
35 state: started
36 enabled: yes
37
38 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat file_yml/httpd_restart.yml
39 - name: "Restart httpd server"
40 systemd:
41 name: httpd
42 state: restarted
43
44 ###### 主调用 yml 文件内容 ######
45 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_include.yml
46 ---
47 # 调用其他 yml 文件
48 - hosts: proxyservers
49 # 这里为了演示方便,因此变量直接就写在了该文件中
50 vars:
51 - httpd_port: 8083
52
53 tasks:
54 - include_tasks: ./file_yml/httpd_install.yml
55 - include_tasks: ./file_yml/httpd_config.yml
56 - include_tasks: ./file_yml/httpd_start.yml
57
58 handlers:
59 # 使用 import 进行预处理,这样防止 notify 时,在 handlers 找不到对应的信息
60 - import_tasks: ./file_yml/httpd_restart.yml
61
62 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_include.yml # 语法检测
63 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_include.yml # 预执行,测试执行
64 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_include.yml # 执行
忽略错误-ignore_errors
在 playbook 执行过程中,默认情况下如果有错误发生,那么后面的 task 就不执行,并且退出当前的 playbook。
如果我们对某些 task 执行结果不关心,不管执行是否成功,后面的 task 也要继续执行。那就需要通过 ignore_errors 来忽略当前 task 的错误结果,让后面的 task 继续往下执行。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 36
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 479 Aug 26 09:24 test_ignore_errors.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_ignore_errors.yml
7 ---
8 # ignore_errors 测试
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "Install httpd"
13 yum:
14 name: "{{ packages }}"
15 state: present
16 vars:
17 packages:
18 - httpd
19 - httpd-tools
20
21 - name: "Shell false"
22 shell: /bin/false
23 # 是否忽略该 task 的错误 「打开或关闭注释,对比」
24 ignore_errors: True
25
26 - name: "Create dir"
27 file:
28 path: /tmp/with_items_testdir
29 state: directory
30
31 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_ignore_errors.yml # 语法检测
32 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_ignore_errors.yml # 预执行,测试执行
33 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_ignore_errors.yml # 执行
默认情况
使用了 ignore_errors 的情况
自定义错误判定条件-failed_when
命令不依赖返回状态码来判定是否执行失败,而是要查看命令返回内容来决定,比如返回内容中包括 command not found 字符串,则判定为失败。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 48
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 369 Aug 29 16:12 test_custom_error.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_custom_error.yml
7 ---
8 # 自定义错误条件
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "this command prints 'command not found' if not find"
13 shell: "kkk -x" # 测试一
14 #shell: "/bin/kkk -x" # 测试二
15 register: shell_result
16 failed_when: "'command not found' in shell_result['stderr']"
17
18 - name: "print shell_result info"
19 debug:
20 msg: "{{ shell_result['stderr'] }}"
21
22 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_custom_error.yml # 语法检测
23 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_custom_error.yml # 预执行,测试执行
24 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_custom_error.yml # 执行
强制调用触发器-force_handlers
通常情况下,当 task 执行失败后,playbook 会终止。任何在此之前已经被 task notify 的 handlers 都不会被执行。
此时,如果你在 playbook 中设置了 force_handlers: yes 参数,则被通知的 handlers 就会被强制执行(有些特殊场景可能会使用到)。
如示例,在一个 playbook 中,如果配置文件的 task 已经被执行成功,并且 notify 了 handlers,之后必须重启服务。那么我们会强制要求:即使后续的 task 执行失败,之前被通知的 handlers 也必须执行。
如果不强制执行就变成了,第一次执行时:配置文件修改成功,但由于之后有 task 执行失败,导致 playbook 终止,后续 handlers 没有被调用,对应服务没有重启;第二次执行时:配置文件没发生改变「因此第一次已经更新了配置文件」,因此不会通知 handlers。最终结果就是配置改变了,但是就是没有重启服务。显然不符合我们的初衷。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 40
5 drwxrwxr-x 2 yun yun 129 Aug 24 14:28 file
6 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 909 Aug 29 12:23 test_error_deal.yml
7 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_error_deal.yml
8 ---
9 # 即使 task 执行错误,之前已 notify 的 handlers 必须被执行
10 - hosts: proxyservers
11 # 这里为了演示方便,因此变量直接就写在了该文件中
12 vars:
13 - httpd_port: 8087
14 # 即使 task 执行错误,之前已 notify 的 handlers 必须被执行
15 force_handlers: yes
16
17 tasks:
18 - name: "Install httpd"
19 yum:
20 name: "{{ packages }}"
21 state: present
22 vars:
23 packages:
24 - httpd
25 - httpd-tools
26
27 - name: "Httpd config"
28 template:
29 src: ./file/httpd.conf.j2
30 dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
31 notify: "Restart httpd server"
32
33 - name: "Start httpd server"
34 systemd:
35 name: httpd
36 state: started
37 enabled: yes
38
39 # /bin/false 返回状态码为1,不为0
40 - name: "Shell task"
41 shell: /bin/false
42
43 - name: "Create dir"
44 file:
45 path: /tmp/with_items_testdir
46 state: directory
47
48 handlers:
49 - name: "Restart httpd server"
50 systemd:
51 name: httpd
52 state: restarted
53
54 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_error_deal.yml # 语法检测
55 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_error_deal.yml # 预执行,测试执行
56 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_error_deal.yml # 执行
抑制changed状态-changed_when
ansible 会自动判断模块执行状态,command、shell 及其它模块如果修改了远程主机状态则被判定为 changed 状态,不过也可以自己决定达到 changed 状态的条件。
当我们在 playbook 中使用 shell 或者 command 模块时,每次 task 执行状态都是 changed。原因是因为每次我们都去执行获取当前数据,而不是一个固化的状态。
但在实际应用中,我们可能不需要 shell 或者 command 模块执行后的 changed 状态,这时我们就需要通过 changed_when: false 来抑制这个改变。
当然上述的 changed_when: false 可以在任何模块中使用,不局限于 shell 和 command 模块,只是我们常用于这两个模块而已。
1 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ pwd
2 /app/ansible_info/object05
3 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ll
4 total 44
5 -rw-rw-r-- 1 yun yun 299 Aug 29 14:47 test_changed_when.yml
6 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ cat test_changed_when.yml
7 ---
8 # 使用 changed_when: false 抑制 changed 状态
9 - hosts: proxyservers
10
11 tasks:
12 - name: "Shell task"
13 shell: netstat -lntp | grep 'httpd'
14 register: check_httpd
15 # changed_when: false # 任何时候,都不为 changed 状态
16 #### check_httpd['stdout'] 不包含 httpd 为 true,否则 false
17 changed_when: "'httpd' not in check_httpd['stdout']" # 结果为 false
18
19 - name: "Debug output"
20 debug:
21 msg: "{{ check_httpd.stdout }}"
22
23 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key --syntax-check test_changed_when.yml # 语法检测
24 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key -C test_changed_when.yml # 预执行,测试执行
25 [yun@ansi-manager object05]$ ansible-playbook -b -i ../hosts_key test_changed_when.yml # 执行